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Chibnall, Marjorie. The Normans. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
Gibbon, Edward. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 7 vols. NewYork: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1993.
Gravett, Christopher and David Nicolle. The Normans: Warrior Knights and their Castles. New York: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2007.
Kreutz, Barbara M. Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth Tenth Centuries. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991.
Neveux, François. A Brief History of The Normans: The conquests that changed the face of Europe. Trans. Howard Curtis. Philadelphia: RunningPress, 2008.
Norwich, John Julius.The Normans In Sicily: The magni"cent story of ‘the other Norman Conquest’. New York: Penguin Books, 1970.
Runciman, Steven.A History of the Crusades, Volume 1. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1951.
